The method circumvents the limitations of using remote sensing alone, which has difficulty in detecting low intensity pressures 5, such as linear infrastructures 6 and pasture lands 7, and often confounds natural and anthropogenic land covers in arid and mosaic environments 8.Ĭumulative pressure maps have been developed at regional 9, 10 and global scales 11, 12. Cumulative pressure mapping measures the breadth of these pressures by coupling top-down remote sensing of land cover change with data on additional human pressures collected ‘bottom-up’ through systematic surveys and modelling 3, 4. Human pressures on the environment are the actions taken by humans with the potential to harm nature 1, 2. The updated maps should provide an increased understanding of the human pressures that drive macro-ecological patterns, as well as for tracking environmental change and informing conservation science and application. We anticipate that the Human Footprint maps will find a range of uses as proxies for human disturbance of natural systems. A validation analysis using scored pressures from 3114×1 km 2 random sample plots revealed strong agreement with the Human Footprint maps. Pressures were then overlaid to create the standardized Human Footprint maps for all non-Antarctic land areas. Data on human pressures were acquired or developed for: 1) built environments, 2) population density, 3) electric infrastructure, 4) crop lands, 5) pasture lands, 6) roads, 7) railways, and 8) navigable waterways. This represents not only the most current information of its type, but also the first temporally-consistent set of Human Footprint maps. Remotely-sensed and bottom-up survey information were compiled on eight variables measuring the direct and indirect human pressures on the environment globally in 19.
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